EU-ETS: From Tax Exemptions to Cap Exemptions

Changes to midwives exemptions.

The Nursing and Midwifery Council (NMC) exists to safeguard the health and well being of the public. We do this by maintaining a register of nurses and midwives and by setting standards for education and practice. This includes setting standards for administration, dispensing and storage of medicines. Midwives may, in the course of their professional practice, supply and administer on their own...

Green Tax Reform in Sweden: The Second Dividend and the Cost of Tax Exemptions

This study assesses the cost of achieving pollution reductions using environmental taxes relative to using non-revenue-raising instruments. The cost of tax exemptions with or without employment constraints is also examined. Using a computable general equilibrium model of the Swedish economy a wide range of emission reduction target levels are examined. The study finds that the reduction of CO2 ...

The Effect of the Sales Tax on Retail Prices and Employment: Evidence from Exemptions on Clothing

Using frequent state and local policy revisions of apparel tax exemptions in Connecticut, New York and Vermont, I study how the sales tax affects the retail market for apparel. First, I present new evidence on the effect of the sales tax on pre-tax prices, the pass-through rate. Unlike the previous literature on this topic, I employ detailed item-level data on prices, use large good-specific ch...

Using Elasticities to Derive Optimal Bankruptcy Exemptions

This paper characterizes the optimal bankruptcy exemption for risk averse borrowers who use unsecured contracts but have the possibility of defaulting. It provides a novel general formula — which holds in a wide variety of environments — for the optimal exemption as a function of a few observable sufficient statistics. Knowledge of borrowers’ leverage, the sensitivity of the interest rate sched...

The Cost of Regulatory Exemptions